X-ray background
The observed X-ray background is thought to result from, below 0.3 keV, galactic X-ray emission, the galactic X-ray background, and, above 0.3 keV, from a combination of many unresolved X-ray sources outside of the Milky Way, the cosmic X-ray background (CXB[1], XRB[2], CXRB[3]).
History
[edit]In 1962, in a project led by Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, Frank R. Paolini, and Bruno B. Rossi, Geiger counters mounted on a rocket detected a "diffuse background radiation" of X-ray flux spanning all directions covered by the rocket's rotation. This X-ray background flux was understood to consist primarily of X-rays with energy of "several tens of keV". Analysis showed that the flux originate from outside of the solar system, but it was unclear whether such sources are galactic or extragalactic.[4]
This background X-ray flux discovered by Giacconi et al. was later characterized as an isotropic background of hard X-rays (with energies greater than 2 keV) of extragalactic origins,[5] while other rocket-based studies detected an anisotropic X-ray flux of energies around 0.2 keV, believed to be emitted by sources within the Milky Way.[6]
With the improved angular resolution and longer observation times made possible by newly launched X-ray satellite missions since the 1970s, the nature of both components of the X-ray background became better understood. Observations from the Einstein Observatory revealed that the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) originates from discrete distant sources,[7] which were hypothesized and later confirmed to be active galactic nuclei (AGN).[8] The galactic component of the X-ray background was surveyed by ROSAT, which revealed resolved structures of the galactic X-ray-emitting sources.[9]
The following generation of X-ray missions, including Chandra and XMM-Newton, further propelled the understanding of the cosmic X-ray background. Observations show that 94.3% of CXB emissions in soft X-rays (between 0.5-2 keV) and 88.8% of cosmic X-ray background emissions in hard X-rays (between 2-10 keV) could be attributed to resolved point sources, such as AGNs, quasars, and thermal bremsstrahlung emissions from galaxy clusters.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ Luca, A. De; Molendi, S. (2004-06-01). "The 2–8 keV cosmic X-ray background spectrum as observed with XMM-Newton". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 419 (3): 837–848. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034421. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Gilli, R.; Comastri, A.; Hasinger, G. (2007-02-01). "The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 463 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066334. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Moretti, A.; Pagani, C.; Cusumano, G.; Campana, S.; Perri, M.; Abbey, A.; Ajello, M.; Beardmore, A. P.; Burrows, D.; Chincarini, G.; Godet, O.; Guidorzi, C.; Hill, J. E.; Kennea, J.; Nousek, J. (2009-01-01). "A new measurement of the cosmic X-ray background". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 493 (2): 501–509. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811197. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Giacconi, Riccardo; Gursky, Herbert; Paolini, Frank R.; Rossi, Bruno B. (1962-12-01). "Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System". Physical Review Letters. 9 (11): 439–443. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.439.
- ^ Tanaka, Y.; Bleeker, J. A. M. (1977-11-01). "The diffuse soft X-ray sky". Space Science Reviews. 20 (6): 815–888. doi:10.1007/BF02431836. ISSN 1572-9672.
- ^ Bowyer, C. S.; Field, G. B.; Mack, J. E. (1968-01-06). "Detection of an Anisotropic Soft X-ray Background Flux". Nature. 217 (5123): 32–34. doi:10.1038/217032a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Giacconi, R.; Bechtold, J.; Branduardi, G.; Forman, W.; Henry, J. P.; Jones, C.; Kellogg, E.; van der Laan, H.; Liller, W.; Marshall, H.; Murray, S. S.; Pye, J.; Schreier, E.; Sargent, W. L. W.; Seward, F. (1979). "A high-sensitivity X-ray survey using the Einstein Observatory and the discrete source contribution to the extragalactic X-ray background". The Astrophysical Journal. 234: L1 – L7. doi:10.1086/183099. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Setti, G.; Woltjer, L. (1973). "Extragalactic X-Ray Sources and Their Contribution to the Diffuse Background". X- and Gamma-Ray Astronomy. 55: 208. ISSN 1743-9221.
- ^ Snowden, S. L.; Freyberg, M. J.; Plucinsky, P. P.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Truemper, J.; Voges, W.; Edgar, R. J.; McCammon, D.; Sanders, W. T. (1995). "First Maps of the Soft X-Ray Diffuse Background from the ROSAT XRT/PSPC All-Sky Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 454: 643. doi:10.1086/176517. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Moretti, A.; Campana, S.; Lazzati, D.; Tagliaferri, G. (2003-05-10). "The Resolved Fraction of the Cosmic X‐Ray Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 588 (2): 696–703. doi:10.1086/374335. ISSN 0004-637X.